For generations, parents and teachers have turned
to fables to inspire moral behavior among children. Some of the most
popular stories teach the importance of telling the truth. A recent
study, however, finds that fables that punish the main character for
lying are less effective than those that reward honesty.
A group of child psychologists set up a
simple experiment
using the three most commonly told stories to promote honesty among
children: "Pinocchio," "The Boy Who Cried Wolf" and "George Washington
and the Cherry Tree." These stories were also chosen because each one
attempts to inspire honesty in a different way. In "Pinocchio," lying
results in immediate negative consequences (when he lies, his nose grows
longer). In "The Boy Who Cried Wolf," lying has dire negative
consequences; the little shepherd boy lies so often about being attacked
by a wolf that when a wolf really appears, no one believes him, and he
and his sheep are eaten. In contrast, "George Washington and the Cherry
Tree" emphasizes the positive consequences of honesty. When George tells
his father the truth about cutting down the cherry tree, his father
praises him.
The researchers worked with a group of children, between 3-7 years
old. Each child played a game that required guessing the identity of a
toy based on the sound it made. In the middle of the game, the
experimenter left the room for a minute to grab a book, instructing the
child not to peek at the toy that was left on the table. For most
children (and, I'm guessing, most adults) this temptation was too hard
to resist.
After observing what the child did, the researcher returned to the
room, read one of the stories and then asked the kids whether they had
peeked at the toy. Given the different ways each story attempts to
promote honesty, the psychologists predicted that all the stories would
be effective, but in different ways:
Specifically, we predicted that cheaters who heard "The
Boy Who Cried Wolf" would be more inclined than cheaters who heard the
other stories to confess their cheating because of the fatal consequence
associated with lying in this story. However, we also predicted that
this effect would be seen only in older children, who might be better
able to appreciate the finality of death than younger children would….
We expected that children who heard "Pinocchio" would also become more
inclined than other children to confess their cheating because of the
immediate physical consequence that Pinocchio suffered when he lied.
Public humiliation should be readily relatable, even to young children.
Thus, we predicted that this story would be equally effective in
promoting honesty in children of all ages. We also hypothesized that
"George Washington and the Cherry Tree" would be effective in promoting
honesty at any age because it illustrates the benefits of honesty in a
concrete manner.
But, the only story that significantly increased children's honesty,
regardless of their age, was "George Washington and the Cherry Tree" —
which suggested that emphasizing the positivity of honesty is the most
effective approach. In order to further test the theory, the researchers
added a fourth tale: they invented a version of the George Washington
story with an unhappy ending (George's father punishes him by taking
away his axe). Sure enough, they found that this negative version did
not inspire kids to tell the truth.
Their conclusion: young children are more likely to be honest if they
believe they will be rewarded for telling the truth instead of being
punished or humiliated if they are discovered to be lying.
The psychologists, of course, don't say that Pinocchio is a "harmful"
story for kids. It's still a wonderful fable. Just don't expect that a
long nose will inspire children to always tell the truth.
